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What happens during root canal treatment?

A step-by-step guide to what you can expect

The words “root canal treatment” describe something most people would rather not think too deeply about.

But not knowing what will happen can make treatment seem much more intimidating than understanding it.

Root canal treatment is a sequence of carefully planned stages.

In simple terms, your clinician needs to reach the inside of the tooth, remove affected pulp tissue, clean and prepare the root canal system, fill it and make sure the tooth is appropriately restored afterwards.

The precise process varies according to the tooth and your individual circumstances.

Here is what usually happens.

Step 1 – Understanding what is wrong

Treatment starts with diagnosis.

Your dentist or endodontist needs to understand:

  • what has happened to the tooth
  • the condition of the pulp
  • what is happening around the roots
  • whether root canal treatment is appropriate
  • whether the tooth can be restored afterwards

Assessment may involve an examination, dental X-rays and tests on the tooth.

In selected cases, additional imaging may be helpful.

Will I need a CBCT scan?

Not necessarily.

CBCT produces three-dimensional information about teeth and surrounding structures.

It can be useful in some endodontic cases, particularly where additional information is required for diagnosis or treatment planning.

It isn’t something every root canal patient automatically needs.

At Evolve, CBCT scanning is available when clinically appropriate.

Step 2 – Local anaesthetic

Root canal treatment is normally performed under local anaesthetic.

This numbs the tooth and surrounding area.

Your clinician will allow the anaesthetic to work and check that you are comfortable before beginning.

Worried about this part? Read: Does root canal treatment hurt?

Step 3 – Isolating the tooth

Your clinician will usually place a small protective sheet called a rubber dam around the tooth.

It might look unusual if you haven’t seen one before.

Rubber dam serves several purposes, including isolating the tooth from saliva and helping protect your mouth while treatment is carried out.

Only the tooth being treated is exposed through the sheet.

Step 4 – Accessing the root canal system

Your clinician creates an opening in the tooth to reach the pulp chamber and root canals.

Teeth vary considerably.

Some have relatively straightforward canal systems, while others have multiple canals, curves or more complex internal anatomy.

Understanding and managing this anatomy is an important part of endodontic treatment.

Step 5 – Cleaning and shaping the canals

Affected pulp tissue is removed.

Small instruments are then used to clean and shape the root canal system.

The canals are also irrigated with appropriate solutions during treatment.

The aim is to prepare the root canal system so that it can subsequently be filled.

This is a detailed stage of treatment because the structures involved can be extremely small.

How does a dental microscope help?

A dental operating microscope provides magnification and illumination of the tooth.

At Evolve, Specialist Endodontist Dr Alex Brett carries out his endodontic treatment using a dental operating microscope.

This helps him see and work within the small structures of the tooth.

It can be particularly useful in more complex treatment and retreatment.

The microscope is a clinical tool – it doesn’t guarantee a particular treatment outcome.

Step 6 – Filling the root canals

Once the root canal system has been appropriately prepared, the canals are filled and sealed.

Depending on the treatment plan, this may happen at the same appointment or a later one.

A temporary restoration may be used between appointments.

Step 7 – Restoring the tooth

Root canal treatment deals with what is happening inside the tooth.

But the tooth also needs to function afterwards.

It therefore needs an appropriate restoration.

Depending on the tooth and how much tooth structure remains, this might involve:

  • a filling
  • an onlay
  • a crown
  • another suitable restoration

The NHS notes that a crown may sometimes be needed after root canal treatment.

Your dentist or endodontist will explain what is recommended in your case.

Will everything be done by Alex?

That depends on your treatment plan.

If you’re seeing Alex specifically for specialist endodontic treatment, he will manage the endodontic aspect of your care.

The final restoration may be provided at Evolve or by your own dentist, depending on the agreed plan.

If another dentist has referred you, the intention isn’t to take over your general dental care.

We’ll communicate appropriately so that your ongoing care can continue with your usual dentist.

How long does root canal treatment take?

There isn’t one standard appointment length.

The NHS advises that root canal treatment commonly requires two or more appointments lasting around one to two hours, although appointments can sometimes be longer.

The actual time depends on factors including:

  • the tooth being treated
  • its root canal anatomy
  • the nature of the problem
  • whether previous treatment has been carried out
  • whether anything needs to be removed to gain access
  • what is found during treatment

Read: How long does root canal treatment take?

What happens if something unexpected is found?

Sometimes the full complexity of a tooth becomes clearer during assessment or treatment.

If something is found that materially changes the treatment options, your clinician should explain it to you.

The important principle is that treatment shouldn’t become an unexplained journey where you no longer understand what is happening.

You should have the opportunity to understand significant findings and what they mean for your options.

What happens when root canal treatment is more complex?

Some teeth require additional procedures.

Specialist endodontic care at Evolve includes:

  • root canal treatment
  • root canal retreatment
  • file and post removal
  • perforation repair
  • apical microsurgery
  • management of resorption

You won’t need these simply because you’re having root canal treatment.

They are available when appropriate to the problem being treated.

What happens immediately after treatment?

Your mouth may remain numb for a while.

The tooth and surrounding tissues can sometimes feel tender afterwards.

You’ll receive appropriate aftercare instructions.

The tooth may also require further restorative treatment if this hasn’t already been completed.

Read: What happens after root canal treatment?

Questions patients often ask

Can I eat after root canal treatment?

Follow the instructions given by your clinician. In particular, take care while your mouth remains numb and follow any advice relating to a temporary restoration.

Why do I need more than one appointment?

Some treatment requires multiple stages or additional time. The number of appointments depends on the individual tooth and treatment required.

Why do I need a rubber dam?

It isolates the tooth from the mouth while treatment is being carried out and is an important part of endodontic treatment.

Does a root canal remove the root of my tooth?

No. The tooth roots remain. Treatment is carried out within the root canal spaces inside them.

Will I always need a crown?

No. The appropriate restoration depends on the tooth and your individual circumstances.

Key takeaways

  • Root canal treatment happens in a series of stages.
  • Local anaesthetic is normally used.
  • A rubber dam is usually used to isolate the tooth.
  • The root canal system is cleaned, shaped, filled and sealed.
  • The tooth also needs to be appropriately restored.
  • Treatment time and number of appointments vary.
  • Additional specialist procedures are only used where appropriate.

Want the whole journey in one place?

Download your guide to root canal treatment

It explains what treatment means, what to expect, specialist care and the questions worth asking before you decide.

Download the guide

Root Canal Guide

If you’ve been referred for specialist care – or would like to self-refer – you can speak to the Evolve team about an assessment with Dr Alex Brett, Specialist Endodontist.

Speak to our team about an endodontic assessment

For further independent information, see the  ⁠NHS information about root canal treatment.

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